arts in exile

Back to the graphical presentation

• 

  German infantrymen march over the Hohenzollern bridge in Cologne.

  Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S04233, photographer: not stated

  7 March 1936

  The German Wehrmacht marches into the Rhineland. In so doing Hitler breaches the Treaty of Versailles.
• 1 May 1936

  Gottfried Bermann Fischer establishes the Bermann-Fischer publishing house in Vienna. It issues the work of authors who are banned in Germany.
• 26 May 1936

  Members of the Reich Chamber of Culture are required to provide proof of their Aryan heritage.
• 

  Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler

  Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-R99621, photographer: not stated

  17 June 1936

  The Reichsführer SS, Heinrich Himmler, is appointed Chief of Police. This and other measures, including the establishment of the Gestapo, brings the police into line with the Nazi party.
• July 1936

  At the suggestion of French Prime Minister Léon Blum, a Central Aid Committee for Refugees (Comité d'assistance aux Réfugiés) is established.
• 

  Opening of the XIth Olympic Games at the Olympic Stadion in Berlin

  Bundesarchiv, Bild B 145 Bild-P017045, photographer: Frankl, A.

  1 August 1936

  Adolf Hitler declares the Berlin Olympic Games open.
  The Games are exploited as a propaganda show for Nazi Germany, and the Nazis make efforts with the help of the Games to present Germany as a cosmopolitan country. As subterfuge and to conceal the societal exclusion and persecution of Jews that is already happening from international visitors, the Nazis allow free access “for all races and religions” to participate in the Games.
• August 1936

  The exhibition De Olympiade onder Dictatuur (D.O.O.D., "dood", Dutch for death) is staged in Amsterdam by a group of international, anti-fascist artists in exile.
• 

  State visit to Germany by Mussolini, 1937

  Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-C13771, photographer: not stated

  25 October 1936

  A treaty for German-Italian cooperation is signed. Shortly after, on 1 November, Mussolini announces the "Rome-Berlin Axis" and on 18 November recognises the Franco regime in Spain.
• November 1936

  Having ordered the individual chapters of the Reich Chambers of Culture to dismiss their Jewish members in May, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels declares the Reich Chamber of Culture "free of Jews".
• 

  The German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by the Japanese ambassador Mushanokoji Kintomo (left) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (right)

  Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-17737, photographer: Pahl, Georg

  25 November 1936

  Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, which is targeted at the Soviet Union.