arts in exile

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• 30 September 1933

  Erika Mann's political cabaret Die Pfeffermühle resumes performances  in Zurich's Hotel Hirschen after the ensemble is forced to flee Germany.
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  The actress Lotte Lenya, photographed by Lotte Jacobi, 1930

  Courtesy of Lotte Jacobi Collection of the University of New Hampshire, © akg images

  1933

  The film Die Dreigroschenoper, from Bertolt Brecht's stage work of the same name and featuring actress Lotte Lenya, is banned. 
• 4 October 1933

  The "Editors Law" is passed, aimed at the "Gleichschaltung" (bringing into line with Nazi doctrine) of the entire German press which was to become a vehicle for Nazi propaganda.
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  Propaganda poster with Adolf Hitler's call for the planned withdrawal from the League of Nations

  Bundesarchiv, Plak 003-001-036, graphic designer: not stated

  14 October 1933

  Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels announces plans for the German Reich's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the Disarmament Conference.
• 26 October 1933

  Establishment of the High Commission for "Refugees (Jewish and other) coming from Germany" led by US diplomat James G. McDonald
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  Membership card of Arnold Zweig, issued in 1936

  Akademie der Künste, Berlin, Arnold Zweig Archiv, Nr. 59

  30 October 1933

  Émigré writers from Germany and Austria establish the German Writers' Protection Society in Paris
  The reason for this is the book-burnings in Germany. Regional associations in several European countries, in South Africa, Mexico and the USA follow suit.
• November 1933

  A photo exhibition with works by five emigré photographers, including Josef Breitenbach, takes place in the Librairie Lipschutz on the Place de l'Odéon in Paris.
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  Reich Legal Gazette with the "Law for the Reorganisation of the Reich" 

  Reichsgeseztesblatt, issue from 30 January 1934, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin

  30 January 1934

  The "Law for the Reorganisation of the Reich" is passed. It transfers all state powers to the Reich government, thus completing the "Gleichschaltung" (bringing into line with Nazi doctrine) of the states.
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  Announcement of a speech by Adolf Hitler at the Nuremberg Rally in September 1934 to be broadcast on the radio 

  Bundesarchiv, Plak 003-022-013, graphic designer: not stated

  28 March 1934

  The broadcasting institutions of the states come under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda Ministry. This results in their "Gleichschaltung" (bringing into line with Nazi doctrine) and exploitation as a key propaganda instrument for the Nazis.  
• April 1934

  Dancer and choreographer Kurt Jooss, forced to abandon his work in Germany when he refuses to dismiss Jewish members of his company, opens the Jooss-Leeder School of Dance in Dartington, England.