Mills College
Port of call in CaliforniaThe history of Mills College in California dates back to the year 1852. The establishment, which is located in Oakland near San Francisco, was given its current name in 1875.
Moscow
Moscow was a major destination for exiles, particularly for the German Communists who were forced to leave from 1933 onwards. However of the 4,600 or so German emigrants who arrived in the Soviet Union, only a small number were able to live in the capital.
Music
Many musicians were forced out of work by occupational bans when the Nazis took over power. As many orchestras and opera houses in Germany were state institutions, it was relatively easy for those in power to establish an overview of Jewish and politically undesirable musicians.
Neue Deutsche Blätter
Wieland Herzfelde’s exile newspaperWieland Herzfeld, the founder of the publishing house Malik-Verlag, not only published books in exile in Prague, he was also the editor of the exile journal Neue Deutsche Blätter, which was published from 1933 onwards by the newly founded Faut-Verlag. Since as a foreigner, however, he was not permitted to found himself a publishing house in Prague, acquaintances of F.
New York
For most exiles, the largest city in the USA was their first stop after arrival. The immigration authorities on Ellis Island inspected the papers of all who arrived. Anyone travelling with incomplete documents could be detained on the island for days on end. More than half of the German-speaking refugees who arrived in in the 1930s, around 70,000, stayed in New York.
Nuremberg Laws
Discrimination and persecution of the Jewish population was anchored at the state level in the first years of the dictatorship: by law Jews were reduced to second-class citizens and, step by step, ostracised from all areas of public life.
Oskar Pastior - Between Worlds
Not being able to write openly, because snitches of the secret service are lurking around: From 1957 till 1968, the German-Romanian author Oskar Pastior (1927-2006) lived with the haunting fear to be arrested and to be sent to jail.
Pacific Palisades
Weimar beneath palm treesAfter New York, the Californian town of Pacific Palisades became one of the most important locations for artists who emigrated to the USA. Many of them who had already gathered in exile at the French town Sanary-sur-Mer met in California again, among them Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger and Franz Werfel.
Palestine/Israel
In the 1st century A.D., the Romans destroyed the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, and most of the Jews left the Palestine region and went into exile.
Paris
In France, Paris was the centre for exiles who sought refuge there after 1933. Following a veritable wave of people fleeing in the first months of the year, which saw 20,000 Germans alone head into France, many exiles returned to Germany or fled further to other countries.
